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- (c) Copyright 1990 Commodore-Amiga, Inc. All rights reserved.
- The information contained herein is subject to change without notice,
- and is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express
- or implied. The entire risk as to the use of this information is
- assumed by the user.
-
-
- Expanding Fast RAM on the Amiga 3000
-
-
- by Rob Wyesham
-
- The Amiga has two types of RAM memory: fast RAM and chip RAM.
- Fast RAM on the Amiga is memory which can only be accessed by the
- processor. Chip RAM on the other hand is shared by the processor
- and the Amiga's custom chips. When a custom chip and the
- processor both want access to chip RAM, the custom chip always
- wins, and the processor must wait. But with fast RAM the
- processor has exclusive access and so always runs at full speed.
- The A3000 comes with 1 megabyte of fast RAM. It can, however,
- be expanded to as many as 16 megabytes. This article describes
- how to install and test extra fast RAM on the A3000 motherboard.
-
- The chips that you'll need for the expansion are known as ZIP
- chips (for zigzag-inline- package). ZIPs can be organized in one
- of two ways, either as 256K x 4 bits, for 1-megabit parts, or as
- 1M x 4 bits, for 4-megabit parts. Each ZIP chip also comes in
- one of two modes, either page mode or static column mode. The
- latter are also known as SCRAM chips. So, there are four kinds
- of chips you can use. These are shown below.
-
-
- Four Kinds of ZIP Chips for Expanding A3000 Fast RAM
-
- o 1-megabit (256K x 4 bits) page mode
- o 1-megabit (256K x 4 bits) static column mode (SCRAM)
- o 4-megabit (1 M x 4 bits) page mode
- o 4-megabit (1 M x 4 bits) static column mode (SCRAM)
-
-
- There is an advantage to using SCRAM chips to expand fast memory
- on the A3000. If the RAM controller detects SCRAM chips in the
- fast RAM array, it will enable the burst mode of the 68030,
- thereby greatly reducing RAM access times. Note however that if
- the controller detects even one ordinary, page mode DRAM then the
- 68030<2>'<0>s burst mode will be disabled. So if you're going to
- spend extra money expanding with SCRAMs, then use only SCRAMs.
- Don't mix SCRAM chips with page mode chips.
-
- Whether you use SCRAM or page mode chips, you will need to get at
- least eight of them since all eight sockets in a bank of fast RAM
- must be filled for the A3000 to work properly. This means you
- can upgrade fast RAM in increments of either 1 or 4 megabytes.
- Whichever chip type you select, make sure that the RAM speed is
- rated 80 nanoseconds or better. The part numbers of 80ns RAM
- chips usually end with -8 or -80.
-
-
- Inside the A3000
-
- To open the A3000 and gain access to the fast RAM array, you need
- a #2 Phillips screwdriver. Five screws hold down the cover, two
- on each side, and one on the back. Once you have the cover off,
- you'll need to remove the disk drive chassis as well. There are
- six screws to remove here, three in front, two on the back
- panel, and a hidden one. The hidden screw lies behind the hard
- disk drive underneath the drive's ribbon cable. Once you have
- the screws out, detach the drive cables from the motherboard,
- remove the drive chassis, and set it aside.
-
- Now you can see the fast RAM array. It's on the lower right part
- of the motherboard, and has two parts. The first part is a row of
- eight DIP sockets numbered backwards from U857D through U850D,
- and populated with DRAMs. This is the 1MB of fast RAM that the
- 3000 is shipped with. Behind the row of DIPs lie two columns of
- ZIP sockets, numbered from U850 through U881, but not in
- numerical order (see the diagram below).
-
-
-
- Fast RAM
- ------------------- ZIP Sockets
- Expansion slot | | ---------------
- || | Fat Gary | | U881 U879 |
- || | | | U873 U871 |
- || ------------------- | U865 U863 |
- || | U857 U855 |
- || | U880 U878 |
- || --------- | U872 U870 |
- || | 68030 | | U864 U862 |
- || | | | U856 U854 |
- --------------------- || --------- | U877 U875 |
- U271 U272 U273 U274 | || | U869 U867 |
- | || | U861 U859 |
- U267 U268 U269 U270 | || | U853 U851 |
- --------------------- || | U876 U874 |
- Socketed Chip RAM || | U868 U866 |
- || | U860 U858 |
- --------------------- || | U852 U850 |
- U263 U264 U265 U266 | || ---------------
- | || --------------------------------------------------
- U259 U260 U261 U262 | || | U857D U856D U855D U854D U853D U852D U851D U850D|
- --------------------- || --------------------------------------------------
- Soldered Chip RAM || Fast RAM DIP Sockets
- ||
-
- (Front of the A3000 Motherboard)
-
-
-
-
- Expanding RAM
-
- Let's assume a simple upgrade to start: you want to expand fast
- RAM by 1MB (2MB fast RAM altogether). This means that you're
- using eight 1-megabit RAM chips. One way to proceed is to install the
- eight ZIPs in bank 1, that is, in ZIP sockets U858-U865. The reason we
- begin with bank 1 rather than with bank 0 is that the bank 0 ZIPs are
- mapped to the same address space as the row of DIP sockets,
- U850D-U857D. The row of DIP's is said to mirror bank 0. So there's no
- point in filling the bank 0 ZIP sockets in this case.
-
- If you want to expand fast RAM by 1MB and chip RAM by 1MB, you
- can do it by installing 16 1-megabit ZIP chips. The first step
- is to move the RAM from the fast RAM DIP sockets on the right
- side of the motherboard (U850D-U857D) to the chip RAM DIP
- sockets on the left side of the motherboard (U267-U274). This
- gives you 2MB of chip RAM but no fast RAM. Now install the 16
- ZIP chips in the bank 0 and 1 ZIP sockets (U850-U865) to get 2MB
- of fast RAM.
-
- Yet another expansion option is to install 4MB worth of 1-megabit
- ZIPs. This upgrade requires filling all 32 ZIP sockets, and
- emptying the row of DIP sockets (U850D- U857D). Remember, you
- can reuse the DIPs that you remove to fill out the chip RAM
- array (U267-U274) which gives you 2MB of chip RAM.
-
- Bigger upgrades use 4-megabit ZIPs. If you intend to use these
- parts, you have no choice about removing the chips in
- U850D-U857D. The RAM controller can handle either 1-megabit
- parts or 4-megabit parts, but not both, which is why the DIPs
- must be removed. Fortunately, you can reuse these to expand
- your chip RAM. Start your upgrade with bank 0, and populate the
- banks in order. Bank two starts at U866, and bank 3 starts at
- U874.
-
- The addresses that the banks correspond to are shown in the table
- below. Notice that the memory starts high and builds down, unlike
- most memory systems, which tend to build upward.
-
-
- RAM Bank 1 Megabit Parts 4 Megabit Parts Board Component
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
- 0 $07f00000-$07ffffff $07c00000-$07ffffff U850 - U857*
- 1 $07e00000-$07efffff $07800000-$07bfffff U858 - U865
- 2 $07d00000-$07dfffff $07400000-$077fffff U866 - U873
- 3 $07c00000-$07cfffff $07000000-$073fffff U874 - U881
-
- * Bank 0 has the same address space space as DIP sockets
- U850D-U857D
-
-
- Actual installation of the ZIP chips is easy. Pin 1 of a ZIP
- socket lies on the left side of the socket, the side with the
- little capacitors. The capacitors have numbers next to them (like
- C880). On the ZIP chips themselves, pin 1 is on the same side as
- the bevelled corner. To install a chip, line up pin 1 of the chip
- with pin one of the socket, and push down until the chip is
- seated.
-
- You may have to move a jumper, J852, as well. J852 tells the RAM
- controller whether 1-megabit or 4-megabit parts are installed.
- The jumper is surrounded on the motherboard by a silktop figure.
- The pointed end on this figure indicates pin one on the jumper.
- If you are installing 1-megabit RAM chips, make sure that the
- jumper covers pins 2 and 3. This is the default factory setting,
- so J852 should already be set this way. If you are installing
- 4-megabit chips, move the jumper so that it covers pins 1 and 2.
-
- Use the DOS Avail function to test your installation. If the
- amount that Avail reports is substantially less than you
- expected, make sure that each chip is aligned in its socket and
- is fully seated. Finish the installation by replacing the disk
- drive chassis, reattaching the drive cables to the motherboard,
- and replacing the cover.
-
- The chart below shows chips which may be used in expanding your
- 3000's fast RAM. We've tested the 1-megabit parts, but not the
- 4-megabit parts. Static column RAM can be used in the chip RAM
- array, but the Amiga won't take advantage of the SCRAMs extra
- speed (so save your SCRAM chips for expanding fast RAM instead
- of chip RAM).
-
-
- 256K X 4 Page Mode256K X 4 Static Column Mode
- Samsung KM44C256AZ TOSHIBA TC514258
- NEC uPD424256 NEC uPD424258
- MOTOROLA MCM514258
-
- 1M X 4 Page Mode 1M X 4 Static Column Mode
- TOSHIBA TC514410 TOSHIBA TC514402
- HITACHI HM514400 OKI MSM514402
- NEC uPD424400
- OKI MSM514400
-
-
- The DIP sockets in the fast RAM array will accept the next
- generation of 4-megabit DRAMs which are to be packaged as DIPs.
- Remember that modifying your Amiga voids your warranty. Contact
- your Commodore Authorized Service Center for more information.